The New York Times ATATÜRK haberleri İngilizce

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İSTANBUL — Modern Türkiye'nin kurucusu Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, neredeyse bir asırdır ciddi görünmeye devam ettikten sonra gülümsemeye başladı.

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Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun parçalanması sırasında Türkiye'yi savunan, savaş kahramanı ve devlet adamı olan Atatürk, belki de dünyanın en uzun süreli kişilik kültünün konusudur.

Portresi her çay ocağında, hükümet ofisinde ve sınıfta asılıdır. Anısına hakaret etmek Türk yasalarına göre suçtur. Ve her 10 Kasım'da Türkiye, 1938'deki ölümünü anmak için bir sessizlik anı gözlemler.

Ancak kesin resmi versiyon yumuşayabilir. Geçtiğimiz ay Atatürk'ün insani tarafına bakan bir belgesel yayınlandı. Bu pek de önemli bir şey gibi gelmeyebilir ancak resmi tarihin kilit altında tutulduğu bir ülkede, "Mustafa" filmi cesur bir girişimdi.

Film, lideri yıkmak için bir çaba değil. Büyük ölçüde sempatik bir tasvir. Ancak yönetmeni Can Dündar'ın Atatürk'ü bronz bir heykelden ziyade, bazen sıkılan kötü içki alışkanlığı olan bir adam gibi gösterebilmesi, Türkiye'nin son 10 yılda ne kadar yol kat ettiği hakkında çok şey söylüyor.

Gazeteci Mehmet Ali Birand, Posta gazetesinde yayınlanan yazısında, "Can Dündar, kendimizi kilitlediğimiz fildişi kafesin kapılarını açtı" ifadelerini kullandı.

1923'te kurulan modern Türkiye, ilk yıllarında tek renkliydi, çünkü yetkililer ülkeyi ulusal bir kimlik oluşturmak için farklılıklardan arındırıyordu. Ancak zenginlik ve demokrasi arttıkça, geçmişi yeniden değerlendirme çabaları da arttı ve bu farklılıklardan bazılarını, etnik ve dini, odak noktasına getirdi.

Sayın Dündar gibi Türk aydınları resmi çizgiyi sorgulamaya başladı ve uzun zamandır kapalı kabul edilen konularda acı dolu tartışmalar başlattı. Adı Türklerin babası anlamına gelen Atatürk, 20. yüzyılın en önemli figürlerinden biriydi, ancak hikayesi Batı'da pek bilinmiyor, kısmen de Türkiye'deki tanrısal statüsünün bunu anlatmayı politik olarak çok zor hale getirmesi nedeniyle.

Bunu filme aktarmaya yönelik önceki girişimler başarısız oldu. Geçtiğimiz yıl İngilizce bir gazete olan The Turkish Daily News, “Yapılmamış Atatürk Filminin 56 Yıllık Hikayesi” başlıklı bir makalede, Antonio Banderas, Kevin Costner ve Yul Brynner'ın bildirilen çabalarına atıfta bulunarak, “Oyuncular rol beklerken yaşlandılar” dedi.

Gazete, "Türkiye, kutsal bir şahsiyet olarak gördüğü kurucu babasının, insani zaaflara sahip bir kişi olarak gösterilmesini asla istemez" ifadelerini kullandı.

That trait is at the heart of many of this country’s problems. Turkey has a tremendous capacity for denial, which includes the Armenian genocide early in the last century and a large Kurdish minority whose existence the state is only beginning to acknowledge. Without facing that history, intellectuals here argue, Turkey will never be able to move beyond it.

“Ataturk is used as a shield by those who are blocking discussions on many deformities in this country,” wrote Ahmet Altan, one of the country’s most prominent intellectuals and a columnist for Taraf, a liberal daily newspaper. “They attribute godlike status to Ataturk and then hide behind it.”

Mr. Dundar drew on a wide selection of Ataturk’s diaries and letters that had been closed in military archives for decades. The man who emerges in the film is even more radical in his beliefs than Turks have been taught, Mr. Dundar said.

Ataturk was determined, for example, to subordinate Islam and to force Turks to look and behave as Westerners. In 1914, Mr. Dundar said, the 33-year-old Ataturk attended a ball in the Czech spa of Carlsbad with a Turkish diplomat and his wife, who remarked that she could not imagine such a scene — the dancing, the dress — in her home country.

In a later entry in his diaries, Ataturk wrote that “it would not be difficult at all,” Mr. Dundar said. “If I would be given the power, I would do it overnight,” Ataturk wrote.

“Ataturk didn’t believe it should happen over time,” Mr. Dundar said. “He thought it should be abrupt.”

Mr. Dundar said he could use only a small fraction of the material he sifted through that revealed something about Ataturk’s thoughts on Islam. The rest was too explosive, he said.

There were a few sharp divergences from the official history, though the film veered close. In one scene, Ataturk says, just before an address to an early Parliament, that he believes the areas populated predominantly by Kurds should have a special status. The concept is extremely controversial in Turkey, which fears that its largely Kurdish southeast will want to secede, and discussions of special status for the region are strictrly taboo.

The film, which opened on Oct. 29, National Day, and is being shown in more than 200 theaters around Turkey, was praised by intellectuals but drew a frenzy of angry reactions. (Mr. Dundar, knowing the delicacy of the topic, preferred to speak in his native Turkish for the interview for maximum precision of language, though his English is fluent.)

“Your production is a priceless source for people who want to tarnish young minds with their dark thoughts,” wrote a viewer on the movie’s Web site who identified herself as Tulay. “Surely, you would also qualify for a Nobel Prize,” he wrote in a reference to the Nobel Prize-winning Turkish novelist Orhan Pamuk, who was spurned by the Turkish establishment after discussing the Armenian genocide.

“I denounce you.”

Yine de, daha nazik, daha yumuşak Atatürk, Türkiye için bir tür dönüm noktası gibi görünüyor. Türk devleti bile bazı ayarlamalar yapma ihtiyacı hissediyor gibi görünüyor: 2009'da dolaşıma girmesi planlanan yeni banknotlar, liderin surat asmasını değil, gülümsemesini tasvir ediyor.

Habere Şebnem Arsu katkıda bulundu.

Bu makale aşağıdaki düzeltmeyi yansıtacak şekilde revize edilmiştir:

Düzeltme: 19 Kasım 2008
Perşembe günü İstanbul Journal'da çıkan, modern Türkiye'nin kurucusu Mustafa Kemal Atatürk hakkında yapılan çirkin bir belgesel filme Türkiye'de gelen karışık tepkilerle ilgili makale, ctrlfilmin web sitesinde bir gönderide filmi eleştiren bir izleyiciye atıfta bulundu. Gönderiyi Tulay olarak imzalayan izleyici bir kadın.


Dünya'daki Diğer Makaleler »Bu makalenin bir versiyonu 13 Kasım 2008'de New York edisyonunun A10 sayfasında basılı olarak yayınlanmıştır.
 
An Istanbul street reflected in the window of a gallery with a portrait of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of the Turkish republic.

 Istanbul street


By SABRINA TAVERNISE
Published: January 16, 2008

ANKARA, Turkey — Looking dapper in a bow tie and a crisp suit, the founder of the Turkish republic, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, stared fiercely into a dark room. He was made of wax and standing in a museum, but for some visitors last week, he might as well have been alive and breathing.

Almost 85 years after Ataturk formed the modern state of Turkey from the remains of the Ottoman Empire, millions of Turks still flock to the mausoleum that contains his grave here in the country’s capital. So many that 2007 was a record year for visitors, according to the Web site of the mausoleum, called Anitkabir.

Last year, a total of 12.7 million people visited the monument, a figure lifted by a large demonstration in the spring, but still a 50 percent rise over the previous year and more than in any other year in the 54-year history of the monument, according to the Anka news agency.

Why the surge in visits to the grave of a man who died in 1938? For one, Ataturk is no ordinary man. He is referred to as the “immortal leader and unrivaled hero,” in the preamble to the Turkish Constitution. Insulting his memory is a crime in the penal code. The entire nation stops to mourn on the minute, each November, when he died.

Perhaps more to the point, 2007 was one of the more turbulent years in Turkish history, with secular Turks standing off against the rising power of a pious class of politicians, and people may have been reaching back to what was familiar. A political crisis over the selection of a president paralyzed the government and prompted an early election. The military seemed on the verge of carrying out its fifth coup. And the religious politicians now control the Parliament, the government and the presidency.

“There are some people in Turkey who sincerely believe the republic is coming to an end,” said Guven Sak, managing director of the Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey, a private organization here.

In these confusing times, Ataturk is apple pie, Washington and Jefferson all in one. A brilliant military strategist, he led the Turkish uprising against occupying European powers at the end of World War I, driving them from the land they had seized from the dying Ottoman Empire.

He was also a statesman, imposing a radical secular revolution on a poor, devout country. He changed the language, dress and even the cultural habits of his compatriots, severing ties with the Muslim world.

On Friday, a gaggle of men from the central Turkish city of Malatya made their way through the museum. Hundreds of Ataturk’s personal items were on display: cigarette holders, canes, daggers, pens, shoes, hats, capes, cars, boats, even a hairbrush.

“Look at the shoes,” said one of the men as the others peered into a glass case that contained some of Ataturk’s clothes. Other visitors passed: a small girl in a pink coat who looked scared; three shy high school students.

“He’s a male beauty,” the man said, turning his attention to the wax figure. “What a chic man.”

The exhibit uses a giant map to remind viewers just how tiny Turkey would be if the borders that the Europeans wanted had been allowed to stand. A slender strip of land along the southern coast of the Black Sea. No Mediterranean Coast. No Aegean.

That threat has been embedded in the Turkish psyche, and is the root of a conspiracy vivid in the minds of nationalists, but baffling to outsiders, that has Europe and America secretly plotting to divide Turkey.

“We owe everything to him,” said one of the men from Malatya, Hasan Meseli, 52. “He’s God’s gift to the Turkish nation.”

Turkey is in the midst of a broad transformation. An economic boom has jolted prices. Plans are under way to enter Europe. Some secular Turks are suspicious of the devout politicians now running things. In this atmosphere, nationalist fervor has gained momentum.

Newspaper headlines last week told of a group of high school students who painted a Turkish flag using their own blood and sent it to the commander of the military. Last year, the authorities were forced to discontinue a lottery scratch card because its design was an outline of Turkey, and scratching off the eastern part was seen as an act of sedition. (Turkey fights separatist Kurds in its east.)

History is tricky in Turkey, and the museum presents the official view, avoiding detail on the contributions and accomplishments of Turkey’s patchwork of sects and ethnicities, which were fused into one new Turkish identity as the state was being created.

A couple visiting from Thailand looked skeptical. The museum’s heavy military theme had struck them as odd.

“We don’t know if this is true,” said Narumon Saardchom, gesturing at a wall of photographs and explanations of Ataturk’s cultural reforms.

“It’s different from our country,” her husband said. “We have a king, and it’s very peaceful.”

Some liberals criticize Ataturk’s godlike status, saying he was an important figure of the 20th century but should now be allowed to rest, so that new thinking can take hold.

The visitors, or most of them, are the other side in that debate. Arife Tunar’s eyes welled up when asked about the museum. She was visiting from Germany, and had come twice. “I’m 52 years old and I don’t remember any other occasion that made me so emotional,” she said, picking out an Ataturk magnet. “My love for him is hard to explain.”
 
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Ataturk diaries to remain secret
Turkish officials have decided against making public the letters and diaries of the wife of modern Turkey's revered founding father Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.

The issue over Latife Usakligil's documents had been hotly debated in the Turkish media as a 1980 court ban on their publication drew to an end.

Some Turks argued that the works would shed a more personal light on Ataturk and his short-lived marriage.

But others feared it might tarnish his image as a national hero.

The head of the Turkish History Foundation said Latife Usakligil's family have demanded that the documents continue to be kept secret.

"The issue is over. It is impossible for us now to release them," Yusuf Halacoglu told Anatolia news agency.

Much is known about Ataturk's public life - how he founded the Turkish Republic in 1923 and drove through an ambitious programme of Westernisation over the next decade.

He introduced the modern parliamentary system, made secularism the cornerstone of the Turkish state and gave full political rights to women.

Inspiration

But relatively little is known about his wife of just two years and their reportedly stormy marriage.

Latife Hanim, as she was known, was in her 20s and two decades younger than her husband when she married.

Memoirs of some of Ataturk's aides depicted her as an argumentative woman who was exasperated by her husband's drinking habits and would chide him in public.

However, her Western education, fluency in several languages and never wearing the veil is believed to have inspired many of Ataturk's reforms.

He divorced her in 1925. Although she lived until the 1970s she never spoke publicly about their marriage.

Ataturk died of cirrhosis of the liver in 1938.

The decision not to release the letters and diaries is a relief to those who feared they would be used to tarnish Ataturk's image.

"No-one in this country will have the power to make media monkeys out of Latife and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk," wrote columnist Emin Colasan in the Hurriyet newspaper.
 
Atatürk'ün insani yönüne odaklanan belgesel, Türkiye'de farklı tepkilere neden oldu. Reel tarihin sorgulandığı ve çeşitli konuların açıkça tartışıldığı bir dönemde, filmin cesur bir adım olduğu belirtiliyor. Atatürk'ün batıda pek bilinmeyen hikayesine ışık tutması önemli. Ancak, resmi tarihi sarsabilir ve bazı hassas konuları ele alabilir. Film, Atatürk'ü daha insani ve yumuşak şekilde tasvir ederken, Türkiye'nin inkar kültürü ve tarihi gerçeklerle yüzleşme ihtiyacı da vurgulanmaktadır. Yönetmen Can Dündar, Atatürk'ün düşüncelerine dair yasaklı gözlem ve belgeleri kullanarak liderin radikal yanlarını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Atatürk'ün düşünceleri ve hedefleri konusundaki detaylar, tartışmalara yol açabilecek niteliktedir. Sonuç olarak, film Türkiye'de çeşitli tepkilere neden olmuş olsa da, Atatürk'ün daha derin ve karmaşık yönlerini keşfetme çabası önemli bir adımdır.

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Ataturk diaries to remain secret
Turkish officials have decided against making public the letters and diaries of the wife of modern Turkey's revered founding father Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.
It is interesting to see the ongoing debates and decisions surrounding the personal aspects of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's life, including the recent discussion about the diaries and letters of his wife, Latife Usakligil. The decision not to release these documents highlights the sensitivity surrounding Atatürk's image as a national hero in Turkey. It is clear that there is a fine balance between preserving his legacy and delving into his personal life. Atatürk's significant role in shaping modern Turkey through his reforms and vision is well-known, but the private details of his relationships and personal struggles remain intriguing to many. This decision reflects the importance placed on maintaining Atatürk's revered status in the eyes of the Turkish public.
 
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