İngilizce Makaleler

Flower Biology
Flowering occurs in plants with particular climatic changes such as sunny, cold, dry or drought conditions. In conducive growing conditions plant size and foliage increase, but many flowers are not produced.
Flowers are the reproductive organs of a plant. Sexual reproduction in plants is enabled by flowering and is a sign of plant survival. Some plants do not require reproduction by flowering but reproduce by sending out runners eg., strawberry, and form identical plants. This form of propagation is termed asexual reproduction.
Did you know? Sepals and petals are the sterile parts of flowers. When these are similar in size and shape, they are termed ‘Tepals’.
Structure and function of flowers
The male gametes in flowers are the pollen, while ovules are the female gametes. Pollen from one plant fertilizes the ovules of another plant through flowers, in the cross-fertilisation method of reproduction.


A flower’s male parts are the Stamens and female parts are the carpels. Though, most plants produce flowers that have both male and female reproductive parts, separate male and female flowers bloom in some plants.
Study the parts of a simple flower with reference to the location and function of the parts given in the following details.Flower Biology 1
Sepals
Generally green colored exterior protective coverings of a flower.
Petals
Mostly colored to attract pollinating insects and are framed by sepals.
Nectar
The sweet liquid at the base of petals that attracts insects.
Stamens
Pollen producing male organs that include the anther and supporting filament.
Carpels
Female organs that produce ovules inside the ovary, which is attached to the style and stigma.

Yürümenin Sağlığımıza Faydaları
Walking regularly at a good speed improves your muscle strength and endurance and also helps build stamina.
It is good for your heart. Walking is known to reduce your blood pressure, improve your blood circulation and all round cardio vascular functions.
Walking is said to be good for your bones. It is a great way to strengthen your bones.
Walking about 30 minutes a day increases your bone density and slows down bone loss in your legs. This low-impact exercise is also said to target your spine, legs and hips.


It promotes mental well-being. Known as a great stress-buster, if you walk outdoors, the combination of fresh air and exercise is an excellent way to boost your morale and mood.
Helps prevent type 2 diabetes. Studies have revealed that walking approximately 150 minutes per week can reduce the risk of diabetes.
Reduces the risk of colon and breast cancer.
Last but not the least, walking is said to be safer than running. Fitness experts are of the opinion that walking is better for your knees and joints as compared to running. It leads to fewer injuries and is said to be a good beginner workout.

Sigaranın Sağlığımız üzerindeki Zararları
Cigarette smoking harms the body by raising cholesterol levels and blood pressure, as well as increasing the risk of cancer and cataracts. Smoking destroys certain vitamins and creates the need for other specific nutrients. Addictive substances: Nicotine,
Smokers are 4 times more likely to have gray hair and increased hair loss
Smoking is associated with a decline in physical function that makes a smoker act several years older than he/she really is. Tobacco smoking reduces the effectiveness of medications, such as pain relievers, antidepressants, tranquilizers, sedatives, ulcer medication and insulin. With estrogen and oral contraceptives, smoking may increase the risk of heart and blood-vessel disease. Currently, smoking kills 1 in 10 adults worldwide.


Smoking makes tinnitus worse,
Other research shows that smokers have an increased risk of heart disease (including stroke, chest pain and palpitations), cancer, emphysema, fatigue, loss of vitamins and nutrients, premature aging, gastrointestinal disorders, osteoporosis, sinus congestion and throat irritation. According to medical reports, colds, flu and laryngitis last much longer for those who smoke.
Smoking causes an increased stress in the whole body even though there seems to be a lessening of stress when the body gets its ‘fix’ from the nicotine. more frequently than nonsmokers, and have a lower threshold for pain, possibly because smoking stimulates adrenaline and also blocks one of the body’s natural pain relievers. Smokers are more vulnerable to headaches.

Blades of Shades
Hip hop is more than just a genre of music. Hip hop is a culture and a lifestyle that spans decades of African American and inner-city life. From the breakdancers in the Bronx to the modern-day def jam poets, hip hop has had a profound impact on the culture of the United States as well as the rest of the world. Truly, hip hop is a unique movement in a class of its own.
With roots in New York, hip hop expanded and evolved throughout both coasts of the United States in the seventies and eighties. Artists like Talib Kweli, Gangstarr, and Mos Def have been at the forefront of this movement for years. While telling stories of the perils and unique quirks to inner-city life, hop hop artists have also been known to spread messages of peace, love and acceptance that cross cultural as well as racial boundaries. However, while it may be accurate to say that hip hop evolved from a form of music – there is so much more than meets the eye.


Along with hip hop culture comes a language, tradition and activities that are entirely unique. Beatboxing, breakdancing and graffiti all stems from hip hop culture. Many modern fashions are derived from urban styling, and the use of ebonics has been taken from hip hop and spread amongst the mainstream. Truly, the hip hop culture is an all-encompassing one which has touched the hearts and lives of thousands, while influencing art, language and tradition in all corners of the globe.
With humble beginnings in the Bronx, it is safe to say at this point that hip hop is taking over the world. What was started by Afrika Bambaata in New York can now be found on shelves in Japan, Australia, and everywhere else you can imagine. There is really nothing in the world quite like hip hop

History Of Rock Music
Rock music, where did it all begin? Believe it or not a black man who played black music, originally founded rock music in the mid 50s, this man was Chuck Berry. Rock became popular almost over night, and was accepted with open arms by the younger generations. This was largely due to younger generations who were excited by the thought of having music that expressed their rebellious streak and their desires to promote anti-conformism.This style of music is a far cry from the modern rock music of today that has evolved over the decades and branched out into a multitude of different genres and sub-genres to create music that is more a way of life than entertainment. However, the still prominent fact that rock is a form of self-expression and non-conformist desire still remains strong even after all this time.
Rock music grew stronger and stronger with idols such as Elvis Presley, around this time many of the black rock and roll artists left the rock music scene and in their place were a host of other white rockers with a style and look all of their own.
After Elvis Presley’s famous entrance, other well known rock idols and bands started popping up from everywhere, but something was lost along the way, rockers started losing sight the whole reason that rock and roll had become popular in the first place, which was non conformist and rebellious attitudes.
During this time rock, took a huge nosedive with the younger generations, who were uninterested in a mixture of country music, folk songs, and rock music. This was in the late fifties and musicians such as Buddy Holly and the Everly Brothers were foremost rockers in the rock music scene.
Just as things were looking bleak, Bob Dylan entered the scene during the Vietnam War and held the heart and attention of many youth of the era with his songs of the Vietnam War and civil rights. Around this time, the Beach Boys changed the rock music scene with their new style of rock.


California had its own unique spin on rock and roll, which contained very sophisticated and vocal harmonies; this style of rock music was a change from the empathetic shouting that had first been introduced by the black musicians in the mid 50s.
In the early sixties, Britain took on a whole new aspect of rock and created a rage with bands such as the Rolling Stones and the Animals. During this era, the Yard birds also debuted and although they were in the shadows of the Rolling Stones, they were in fact the beginnings of something great, the musicians from this band were later on to revolutionize rock music all over again.
Nevertheless, it was the birth of the Beatles that created a worldwide mania and the beginning of rock music as a business was really born. Following the Beatles, the second generation of rockers were the Kinks and the Who, the Who had changed rock music forever with their mechanically amplified guitars and songs dedicated to the angry frustrated youth of the 60s
The seventies saw the death of Jimmy Hendrix, and the Doors Jim Morrison, and rock music cooled down. New bands, such as Nirvana and the Eagles, began a more peaceful revival of country music mixed with soft rock. The seventies were characterized by a quieter time in rock music.
The nineties saw the age of electronic music, and this new rage spread all over the world, and saw an era of many different genres of rock music, blended music and dance music mixed together. The 90s were also the decade of heavy metal and bands such as Guns and Roses and Metallica. This style of music split into a myriad of other sub-genres such as the funk-metal of Red-Hot-Chilli-Peppers, Rage Against the Machine and Faith No More.
It is hard to believe that today’s rock music began with a single black man, singing a hybrid type of the blues, and flourished over the last five decades to become not only a choice, but also a way of life.
Rock music has evolved to become an array of different styles and sub categories, which provide enjoyment for a multitude of different tastes in music. What the future holds for rock music may not be known, although it is safe to say the rock music will still be around for the next five decades.

Jazz Müziğin Tarihçesi
Jazz began to “swing” as musicians began to adopt swing eighths, th estring bass, high hat cymbals, and a looser, more rythmic feeling . This change occurred gradually starting in the twenties with musicians such as Louis Armstrong, and continued on into the 40′s. A lot of the music that came out of this period was played by bands of ten musicians or more. Because of this the swing era is also often known as the big band era. Some big bands didn’t include a lot of improvisation. Other big bands such as that of Count Basie placed great emphasis on improvisation.
Jazz music had been played as a form as entertainment since its inception. During the swing era jazz music developed into tremendous music to dance to. Jazz groups seldom performed just for listening. Swing dansing was an extremely popular past time. During this era, jazz achieved wide popular appeal. One of Count Basie’s recordings, One O’Clock Jump, sold over a million copies.
swing dansingThe beginnings of the swing era can be traced to developments of larger bands by Fletcher Henderson in New York, and Bennie Moten in Kansas City. Fletcher Henderson along with his brother Horace and with Don Redman created the pattern for swing arrangments. Henderson helped establish the independent use of trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and rhythm sections with the use of soloists. A swing score generally has specific notes for each instrument to play in every measure. Then the music arranger decides which measures will be used for solo improvisation. The score is then taken to a music copyist who extracts the individual parts for the various instruments.


When the depression hit the U.S. in 1929 the entire music business sudddenly failed. Some players, such as Benny Goodman were able to find employment in staff radio jobs. Others, such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington left the United States for Europe. Some jazz authorities believe that the swing era was launched in 1934 when Benny Goodman left the radio business to form his own band. However, by 1934 Duke Ellington as well as Fletcher Henderson had already formed large swing bands that played in the Kansas City area.
Swing bands started to play a large part in people’s lives in the late 30′s as people tried to shake off the depression by dansing. Large ballrooms were extremely common and therefore large bands were also needed.
Bands of the swing era produced a much fuller sound than the sound produced by earlier dixieland jazz bands. The resulted from the use of two to three times as many players. Because there were more players, swing music was organized in a homophonic construction. This resulted in the music sounding less complex and more organized in its effect. Block chords used by swing bands are a prime example of homophonic construction.
The swing era is dominated by the big bands that played to huge audiences during this period. Two of the largest big bands were Count Basie’s and Duke Ellington’s. Benny Goodman also led several influential swing bands. Within the big bands there were also many individuals who distinguished themselves. Lester Young and Coleman Hawkins were two extremely talented saxophone players who became well renowned for their improvisational prowess. Ella Fitzgerald wowed crowds with her silky smooth voice and upbeat scat singing.

History of Rap Music
More than a century before rap exploded onto the American music scene, West African musicians were telling stories rhythmically, with just the beat of a drum for accompaniment. Meanwhile, folk artists from the Caribbean Islands were also telling stories in rhyme. Indeed, these singing poets from Africa and the Caribbean lay the foundation for modern-day American rap music.
Rapping essentially involves the speaking or chanting of rhyming lyrics, often set to a beat. The rhyming created by rappers is considered by many to be one of the most sophisticated styles of poetry. What’s more, these rhymes often address provocative subjects such as sex, violence and socio-political issues.


Rapping first gained popularity in the U.S. in the 1970s as a kind of street art, especially among African American teenagers. But it wasn’t until 1979, when the Sugarhill Gang released their breakaway hit, ‘Rapper’s Delight, that record producers took notice of this emerging musical genre. once they did, numerous rap acts, including Run-DMC and N.W.A., surfaced, and rap’s audience began to swell. It wasn’t just African American male rappers getting in on the act, either: By the 1980s, white rap bands such as the Beastie Boys and female rap bands such as Salt-n-Pepa were reaching the top of the charts.
By the 1990s, rap matured from an old-school-style – which was based on relatively simple lyrics – to a new-school-style, which was louder and included more complex lyrics. Artists such as The Notorious B.I.G., Snoop Dogg and Tupac ruled the charts during this time, as did Eminem – one of the most popular white rappers of all time.
Rap has stood the test of time and its popularity rages on with today’s artists such as 50 Cent, Ludacris and Jay-Z churning out hit after thought-provoking hit. The beat truly does go on.

Advantages of Solar Energy
Renewable resource
Solar power can be regenerated and replenished without fear of depletion because the sun is used as the energy source.
Solar power energy is eco-friendly as solar energy does not pollute the air or produce greenhouse gases like traditional energy sources.


Easy installation and use of solar powered products
Solar panels, hot water heaters, lighting, fountains, pumps etc. are easy to install and/or use.
If you use a solar power system to reduce electric consumption from traditional power companies, the savings will be reflected in reduced electric bills.
Life of solar panels is long (> 25 years) and maintenance free. Maintenance only requires that solar panels are kept dirt and snow free for maximum contact with sunlight.

Sporun Sağlığımıza Faydaları
Sports promote enhanced flexibility and coordination as well as building efficient muscle tone that protects the body from injuries, improves positive body image and increases stamina and strength. Athletes who participate in sports also pay more attention to their training and typically work out to become better at their particular sport. Trainers at Kieser Training report that building muscles improves sports performance and helps to prevent sports-related injuries while improving overall health.


Sports that involve high-impact aerobic activity such as soccer, basketball and baseball, as well as any activity that requires running, helps children to develop healthy bones. For older adults, impact sports that also include tennis, hiking and volleyball can help prevent osteoporosis and reduce the risk of hip fractures.
As physical self-image improves, so do feelings of well being, making sports a positive influence on reducing the incidence of depression in those who play. Unlike individual exercise done in isolation, sports also provide a social component that increases interpersonal relationships and reduces depression. Additionally, sports promote teamwork and teach youngsters how to be a part of a team. Sportsmanship qualities learned through sports can help to produce mentally healthy adults,

Kedilerin Genel Özellikleri Hakkında
They communicate by calling (“meow”/”miaou”), purring, hissing, growling, chirping, clicking, grunting, and about a hundred other vocalizations and body language. Cats in colonies use a mix of vocalizations and body language to communicate with each otherCats can also produce a purring noise that typically indicates that the cat is happy, but also can mean that it feels distress. Cats purr among other cats—for example, when a mother meets her kittens. Until recently, there were many competing theories to explain how cats purr, including vibration of the cat’s false vocal cords when inhaling and exhaling, the sound of blood hitting the aorta, vibration of the hyoid apparatus, or resonation direy in the lungs. Currently, though, it is believed that purring is a result of rhythmic impulses to the cat’s larynx.


It is possible for a cat to call out and purr simultaneously, although this is typical only in very vocal cats. In addition to purring, happy cats may blink slowly or partially close their eyes to break any possible stares and communicate their ease in the situation. However, purring may also be a way for the cat to calm itself down. For example, cats have been known to purr when injured. Although not proven, research has suggested that the frequency of the vibration produced by purring may promote healing of bones and organs in cats, explaining why cats may purr when hurt.
Cats are notoriously hygienic animals, grooming themselves with their tongues several times a day. In addition to being a social habit (cats living communally will sometimes groom one another, as well as their human companions), grooming is thought to aid cats in their naturally solitary hunting habits. Unfortunately, the dried residue of cat saliva is an allergic trigger in sensitive individuals, something which can usually be alleviated through medication, by bathing or shaving the cat, or by adopting a breed with shorter fur (such as a Siamese) or little to no hair at all (such as the Cornish Rex or Sphinx.